Ep 10: For What It’s Worth (Two Opposing Ideas of Human Value)

There are two sets of ideas that govern us: ideas of light and ideas of darkness. Today, we’ll dig into just one Core Idea (Value) and compare the light version with the dark version. Then we’ll practice Heartview to determine which Core Idea of Value is powering our own hearts.

TRANSCRIPTION

Comparing Ideas of Value in Two Kingdoms

Welcome to the Soil and Roots podcast: digging beneath the surface to uncover the hidden ideas that shape us, the church, and the culture. I’m Brian Fisher.

This is Episode 10: For What It’s Worth…

The Formation Gap

We’ve been looking at a critical crisis of disciple-making in this corner of the world. This problem has caused significant harm to culture, but we’ve primarily explored it in terms of its impact on the individual.  We sometimes feel disconnected from God, others, and ourselves, and we wonder if there’s more to the Christian life than what we normally experience.

The solution is what we at Soil and Roots call “deep discipleship.”  It’s the journey of digging into the ideas that form and shape us. These unconscious assumptions and conclusions sometimes align with our stated beliefs, but sometimes they don’t.

It’s the college sophomore who’s active in her campus ministry and sings all of the worship songs at church yet finds herself in bed with various guys because her heart’s desires and ideas have been formed by things other than her Bible study.  It’s the elder at church who knows all of the correct doctrines yet remains hard to approach, critical, and ready to spar with anyone who doesn’t align with his dogma. The most dogmatic people are often the most insecure, and that insecurity is driven by ideas deeper than intellectual beliefs.

Deep discipleship digs underneath the very good doctrine, church traditions, and service opportunities into the world of ideas.

There are dozens of categories of ideas in our hearts, but here we tend to focus on our Core Ideas – the six most fundamental ideas in our soil. Ideas of identity, anthropology, value, power, purpose, and love. Who are we, what are we, what are we worth, what authority do we have, what is our purpose, and what or whom do we desire?

Today we’re going to get some practice at discerning a core idea from both the kingdom of darkness and the kingdom of light.  One of the goals of this season is to help us identify ideas, how they work, and their impact, and today will be the most in-depth look at an idea we’ll take this season.

We’re exploring a core idea of value, of human value.  What are we worth?

As we dig into this idea in detail today, here are a few reminders:

1. You and I are not primarily thinkers or even believers. We’re primarily lovers; we’re desirers. We desire to be known; we desire to be wanted. We desire to be embraced and accepted. These are good desires.
2. The center of who we are is our hearts or our spirits. And our primary purpose as Christians is to cooperate with God in the ongoing formation of our hearts. We call this spiritual formation, or discipleship. We’re on a journey to be formed more like Jesus.
3. Despite what Western thought has promoted for the past 150 years or so, our hearts are not only formed through instruction. Western culture assumes formation occurs primarily or solely through the mind. That’s a faulty idea produced by the Enlightenment. Heart formation is best fostered by immersion in a culture that embraces five key elements: time, habit, community, intimacy, and instruction.
4. So we may find ourselves at a disadvantage. The local church doesn’t normally provide this type of five-element community. The average American lifestyle works against us, and Christian institutions are often more focused on the institution than the individual. So, many of us fend for ourselves, though we’re not really built for self-directed discipleship.  Spiritual formation is a cooperative relationship, best experienced with God and other people.
5. We exist in a “Formation Gap” of sorts. We’re missing some of these five elements critical to our discipleship. This Formation Gap produces malformed Christians. Instead of becoming more like Jesus, we tend to get stuck without a clear vision, context, or path to our discipleship journey.

All in the Family?

We might argue that the family today (and not the church) is really our primary culture of discipleship, and we’ve talked at length about how important family of origin is in our formation.  But there are two problems with assuming that the modern family is the center of our spiritual formation:

1. The institution of the family is struggling and being attacked from every side. Our culture is now suffering from multi-generational dysfunction, harm, and malformation. We can no longer assume the family is a secure and healthy formative environment. There are too many signs of brokenness and woundedness to automatically make that assumption.
2. For various reasons, the idea that our spiritual formation in the home magically stops at age 18 is a somewhat modern invention. For most of human history, the so-called “nuclear family” remained geographically and relationally close, even as young family members reached adulthood. Multiple generations lived in the same house, village, or city.  There was a much deeper, longer experience of family relationships than what exists today.

We send our kids off to college, the military, or the workforce around age 18 and the underlying assumption is that they are now set free to start their own families.  But as anyone who has raised teenagers knows, the average 18-year-old may not be spiritually mature enough to move on from the immersive community of their family of origin.

I’m not arguing for the rightness or wrongness of how the family has evolved in our culture. I’m saying that the departure of most 18-year-olds from the original family unit contributes to the Formation Gap.  Spiritual formation is a lifelong journey, but we send our 18-year-olds off to continue being formed… where?  The local church?  College?  The workforce?

If we truly want to grow to be more like Jesus, we should consider intentionally seeking out small communities where it’s safe and healthy to dig into the ideas that govern us – communities designed for deep discipleship. At Soil and Roots, we help form and support a type of these immersive, five-element communities.  We call them Greenhouses.

At the moment, many of us don’t have access to these types of communities, and most of us don’t even know we need them.  We need to work together to recreate them.  The stakes are too high.

We’re about to see how high the stakes really are as we dig into our example today, a Core Idea of Value.

A New Handout!

I love visual aids, and there’s another one for today’s episode.  You can find it on the Resources tab on the Soil and Roots website. You’ll see a document called “Human Value Comparison” for Episode 10.  If you can, print it off and have it in front of you.   You don’t have to do any homework because the answers are already filled in.

We’re going to contrast an Idea of Human Value from the Kingdom of Light and from the Kingdom of Darkness. And we’re going to uncover just how radically different each kingdom’s ideas are.  We’re going explore eight critical questions related to both kingdom’s idea of human value, and you can just follow along on the handout.

1. Who gives us value?
2. Is our value intrinsic or extrinsic?
3. How valuable are we?
4. Why do we have value?
5. Can our value change?
6. What factors impact our value?
7. How long does our value last?
8. What are the cultural impacts of these Ideas of Value?

Let’s just quickly clarify what we mean by the word “value.”  The easiest way to answer that is “worth.”  What are you and I worth?  We’re talking about our inherent worth as unique human beings.

Value and the Kingdom of Light

Let’s answer these eight questions regarding our value, our worth, according to the idea of the Kingdom of Light.

1. Who gives us our value?

According to the Kingdom of Light, the correct answer to the Sunday school question is God.  We don’t give ourselves value; our value is instilled in us by God.

Perhaps the most liberating thing about the Kingdom of Light’s idea of human value is that we aren’t responsible for it.

If you’re lucky enough to own a Van Gogh, the painting isn’t valuable because you own it.  It’s valuable because of who created it. Jessica and I are passionate Pittsburgh Steeler fans, and over the years, I’ve collected some signed Steelers items.  I have items signed by Lynn Swann, Chuck Knoll, Hines Ward, and Jack Lambert.  Those items aren’t valuable because I own them – they’re valuable because of who signed them.

2. Is our value intrinsic or extrinsic? These terms are often used in investments and money, but they’re also used in ethics.

The intrinsic value of something is said to be the value that that thing has “in itself,” or “for its own sake,” or “as such,” or “in its own right.”[1]  Meaning, we are valuable because of what we are.  In this case, we are valuable solely because we are human.

The Kingdom of Light maintains that our value is intrinsic. We are valuable because of our nature, human beings hand-woven by a loving Creator.

3. How valuable are we?

According to the Kingdom of Light, you have extraordinary intrinsic value. G. K. Chesterton said that the hardest thing to accept in the Christian religion is the great value it places upon the individual soul.^[2]

C.S. Lewis famously said, “There are no ordinary people. You have never talked to a mere mortal. Nations, cultures, arts, civilizations – these are mortal, and their life is to ours as the life of a gnat. But it is immortals whom we joke with, work with, marry, snub and exploit…”

4. Why do we have value? The primary reason is that we are handwoven in the image of our Creator. We could do 50 episodes on that statement and still not fully explore it, but human beings are the only created thing made in the image of the creator. We bear the mark of our Creator; we share some of His characteristics.

We are a unique and valuable race for other reasons. We are the highest of all the created beings, and God gives us a very special role – to manage and steward His creation on His behalf.

But not only is our race unique; you are entirely unique.  There is and only will be one you.  There has never been a “you” in the past, there isn’t anyone like you right now, and there will never be another you in the future.  You are a singularly unique, extraordinary work of a divine artist, and He doesn’t make copies.

If you question whether you are valuable, consider this: we are so valuable that, despite ourselves, God has filled all of creation with His ideas and constantly invites us into an intimate and eternal relationship with Him.

5. Can our value fluctuate?

No.  Our intrinsic value can’t fluctuate because it isn’t determined by us. Here’s a simple formula to help us remember that:

The zygote = the 5-year-old = the 105-year-old.

Our extraordinary value remains on an equal continuum from conception onward.  We are members of the human race the moment we’re conceived, and we obviously remain a human throughout.

6. What factors impact our value?

A “Valuation Factor” is any characteristic that changes our worth.

In the Kingdom of Light, there is only one Valuation Factor, and that is our humanity.  So, we can compare human worth with the value of other created things like plants, trees, and elephants. In the Kingdom of Light, a human being is more valuable than a tree.  But we don’t contrast one human being’s value with another human being, because we all have extraordinary, intrinsic value.

7. How long does our value last?

If we are citizens of the Kingdom of Heaven, our value persists forever.  We are valuable at conception, and that value continues forever, even after death.

8. What are the cultural results of this Idea of Human Value?

When a culture holds to the idea that all human beings are extraordinarily valuable and doesn’t apply any Valuation Factors to us, the society will extend special care and provision to weak and marginalized populations.  A society that considers the infirm to be as valuable as the healthy will provide and protect for the infirm with special honor and care.  A society that considers the preborn to be as valuable as the born will extend itself to protect and provide for the preborn and their families.  A society that considers a healthy 40-year-old producer as valuable as a 90-year-old consumer will accord dignity and honor to the 90-year-old, regardless of their production.

In other words, the culture that holds to this idea will form around it.  Its laws will protect all human life because it considers all human life to be extraordinarily valuable.  All seven mountains of culture will instill and promote this idea.  Media, the arts, business, the church, government, and education will embody the ethics and principles that naturally flow from the idea that we are valuable solely because of our common human nature.

Value and the Kingdom of Darkness

Now, let’s answer the same eight questions about this Idea of Human Value from the perspective of the Kingdom of Darkness.

1. Who gives the value?

If God doesn’t give us value, then the only answer that’s left is people in power.  In the Kingdom of Darkness, value is assigned to weaker groups by more powerful groups.  This has played out on the world stage since the beginning of time, and we see it every day on the news.

2. Is our value intrinsic or extrinsic?

In the Kingdom of Darkness, our value is extrinsic.  Our value isn’t based on what we are, it’s based on whatever society chooses. It’s based on external forces.

3. How Valuable are we?

The answer depends on what value the elites assign to us.  We may have extraordinary value, no value, or negative value.  Celebrities are highly valued if they remain popular.  Unwanted preborn children, though, are often assigned negative value.  They are seen as a drain on the social order and are often destroyed.  By the way, their mothers are assigned the same negative value, which may come as a surprise to some of us. But that’s a topic for another day.

4. Why are we valuable?

In the Kingdom of Darkness, we are valuable when we serve the purposes of those in power.  If you’re white, you’re valuable if being white serves the purposes of those in power.  If you’re black, you are valuable if being black serves the purposes of the elites. Our value is determined by various Factors, and those only work in our favor if they serve the interests of the powerful.

5. Can our value fluctuate?

Yes, and it happens all the time.

6. Are there valuation factors?

The Kingdom of Darkness has dozens and dozens of Valuation Factors.

For the sake of time, I’ll just read a bunch of them, and then we’ll talk about one or two.

Some common Valuation Factors are gender, race, economic status, size, religion, age, location, production capacity, degree of dependency, environment, health, education, desire, adherence to cultural norms, political persuasion, emotional attachment, and the list goes on and on.  I haven’t tried to catalog every Valuation Factor because new ones are being applied all the time.

Years ago, I was asked to be a guest on a popular podcast, and the host wanted a Christian who was against abortion to debate a Christian who was in favor of abortion. I was the guest against abortion, and my opponent was a female Episcopal priest who was in favor of abortion.

During our civil and polite debate, the priest raised an interesting question.  An in vitro fertilization clinic in San Francisco had just experienced some sort of power problem, and as a result, around 2,000 embryos died in their cryo tanks.  The priest asked why there wasn’t an enormous public outcry about the deaths of those 2,000 embryos compared to the outcry and mourning over those who had died on 9/11.  Her point was that the lack of emotional outrage at the death of the embryos proved that they were less valuable than the lives lost in New York, Pennsylvania, and Washington, D.C.

What was her error? She confused relational attachment with intrinsic value.  She claimed that our depth of feeling for someone affects their inherent worth.  In other words, she was applying a Valuation Factor to an entire population based on how we feel about them.  That’s an extremely dangerous idea.

We all have different depths of relational attachment. If I read a news story about a terrible car accident that claimed the life of a middle-aged woman, I’m sad and will say a prayer for the family.  But five minutes later I’m back to work and have forgotten about it.

If my wife is in a terrible car accident, I’m devastated.

I’m far more deeply and relationally attached to my wife and our sons than I am to the stranger on the news.  But they all have extraordinary intrinsic value as human beings.  My emotional attachment isn’t related to their intrinsic value.  Is my wife more “valuable” to me than a stranger? From a relational standpoint, of course she is, but that isn’t a claim of inherent value.

It’s hard to talk about value without talking about abortion, though we often miss the underlying ideas that drive the abortion culture.  Abortion employs several ideas of darkness related to human value, but the most prominent Valuation Factor is “desire.”

Most babies who die by abortion are killed because someone at some point in time doesn’t desire them. They are unwanted, at least for some period of time.   Sometimes it’s the mother, but often it’s a boyfriend or family member who coerces the mother.  If a baby is desired, there are baby showers, books, shopping trips, and gender reveal parties.  If the baby isn’t desired (even for just a few days), the child is killed, and the mother’s soul is crushed.

Our society is now accustomed to applying a Valuation Factor of Desire: if someone is wanted, they can live. If someone isn’t, we can kill them.

7. How long does value last?

As I mentioned, if someone is a citizen of the Kingdom of Heaven, they are valuable from conception on to forever.

However, if someone is a citizen of the Kingdom of Darkness, their value only lasts until death.

Dallas Willard wrote, “Probably the simplest way to understand Hell is as a cosmic junk heap, Gehenna. It’s a place for the eternally worthless.”

When people reject the Kingdom of Light, they reject the God who instills value in them.  When they die, they receive what they desire: an eternity without God.  Though when they reject God, they also reject the source of their value.  The saddest thing in the universe is humans who desperately try to find value in themselves instead of their Creator, only to lose both for eternity.

8. What are the cultural results of this idea?

When a culture rejects intrinsic value and instead values humans based on the Factors chosen by the Elites, the results are chaos, confusion, death, and destruction.

Abortion is the predictable and inevitable result of this type of culture. The moment our hearts embrace the idea that WE instill value in others, someone’s going to die.   And we typically pick on our weakest and most vulnerable populations.  Right now, the most persecuted people group in the world is preborn children, but mankind has picked on all sorts of people groups throughout history.

This type of culture will assign different values to people based on whatever the elites determine is best.  This encourages all sorts of “isms” like racism, agism, genderism, and so forth.  Various groups will declare higher values based on all sorts of factors, rather than on our shared humanity, and they will prevail until another group exerts more power over them.

The society will deprioritize systems and institutions that promote the welfare of individuals and smaller community units, and replace them with systems and institutions that promote larger groups.  Valuation Factors ALWAYS favor groups over individuals.  Instead of honoring the uniqueness and beauty of the individual, Valuation Factors intentionally create groups and categories to strip us of our individuality.

And this type of society will ignore or destroy weaker groups that don’t serve the interests of the elites.

Heartview

So now that we have dissected this one Idea of Value, let’s practice Heartview from last episode. Let’s see if we can determine the idea of human value in our own hearts.  Remember, our hearts may well be holding onto ideas that our minds don’t agree with.  It happens all the time.

Take another look at the handout and answers from the Kingdom of Light.

Your worth is instilled in you by God, and you are extraordinarily valuable.  You are so valuable because you are handwoven in God’s image and you are utterly, completely, and wonderfully unique.  You have the same extraordinary value from the moment you were conceived throughout your earthly life, and you will be valuable for all eternity. Your value doesn’t fluctuate, and no other factors affect your worth, despite what family, friends, churches, or culture have told you.

You may be saying to yourself, “but I’m a sinner.”  That’s certainly true, and if you grew up in a fundamentalist or legalistic church, your heart may assume you are worth less because of your sin. But Dallas Willard said, “Sin does not make it (us) worthless, but only lost.”^[3] This is critical for us to understand.

Are we all sinners?  Absolutely.  Does that impact our inherent value?  No.  Our value is grounded in the fact that we are human beings created by God.  Our sin separates us from God – but sin is not a Valuation Factor. It’s a factor of relationship.  And God went to great lengths to restore our relationships with Him and others.

The flip side is if we don’t recognize our sin and think our value comes from our human goodness or performance.  That’s also tragic because history has shown how poorly we value each other.  And when we attempt to add to our value, we give ourselves authority to take away somebody else’s.

The sweet spot is to embrace our intrinsic value and the same value in others, while falling more in love with Christ. As our hearts are formed more and more into the image of Christ, we grow to hate sin even more, while still embracing the inherent value and dignity of every human being.

Let’s take a look at our Eight Indicators:  thoughts, emotions, health, actions, relationships, words, time, and money. For the sake of time, we aren’t going through each one, but let’s pick a few and see what our hearts’ embrace about our value.

Thoughts and Value

Let’s talk about thoughts.

What do you think about yourself?  How do you talk to yourself?  When you talk to yourself, do you talk to someone who has extraordinary, intrinsic value? Someone who is utterly unique, carefully crafted as a beautiful work of art by a loving Creator?  I’m not talking about arrogance or deifying yourself. I’m asking if you think about yourself as an amazing creature who is deeply loved and valued by the one who handcrafted you?  If you are in Christ, He delights in you.  Do you think of yourself as someone whom God delights in?

The way God often presents Himself in the New Testament is as our loving Father.  Do you think of yourself and talk to yourself as the son or daughter of a loving father?  When you mess up, do you berate yourself?  Or conversely, do you think of yourself as your own god and wonder why people around you don’t think of you the same way?

Do you talk to yourself as someone whose value is determined by your Creator, and do you rest in that fact?

Emotions and Value

Let’s talk about emotions and ideas of value.

Emotions are a very effective signpost for us to learn what’s going on in our hearts.  The problem is, as we’ve discussed, modern Christianity is currently more concerned with the mind and typically looks down on emotions.

Dr. Jay Myers is the head of Summit Ministries, and in one of his books, he introduces the term “simplicism.”  Simplicism is the habit among many Christians of using short catchphrases or memes to express universal principles.  He gives examples such as, “It’s just me and Jesus,” “God Said It, I believe it, that settles it,” or “It’s not my place to judge.”

Modern Christianity doesn’t just employ simplicism with catchphrases, we do it with Bible verses all the time. This has led to very damaging understandings of emotions and the importance they play in our spiritual formation.

Modern Christianity is fine with so-called “good emotions” such as joy and happiness, but often dismisses anger, grief, anxiety, or sadness.  We are taught, consciously or unconsciously, that “good Christians” aren’t allowed to feel or express these so-called negative emotions.  We aren’t allowed to be angry; we aren’t allowed to be sad.  If we feel these emotions for too long, we must be immature Christians.

Apparently, Jesus was an immature Christian.  He got angry. He overturned tables.  He got irritated.  He got frustrated.  He grieved; he expressed sadness.

Let’s just take anxiety, for example.  Anxiety is plaguing modern society, even though we have more money, more technology, and more opportunities to please ourselves than any generation in human history. And anxiety is deeply impacting Christians.

Adam Young proposes that anxiety is what happens when we repress or ignore emotions that our hearts are trying to express.  So instead of pressing into and allowing feelings of anger, sadness, grief, and frustration, we stuff them back into our hearts, and that results in anxiety.

I suspect one of the reasons that anxiety is so prevalent in Christian circles is because we’ve been trained to believe that emotions like anger and sadness are “bad.”  According to Young, instead of repressing these feelings, we should be both curious and kind.  We should allow ourselves to express our anger, sadness, confusion, and grief, and explore what about our stories is driving our emotions.

However, we often compliment and praise someone who suffers an illness, harm, or betrayal and soldiers on saying things like “God is good all the time, all the time God is good!” We marvel at their faith and how well they are handling their suffering.

Repressing our emotions is not a sign of faith.  A faithful mature Christian is someone who allows his feelings to flow freely, digs into his heart and story carefully, and understands that God gives us our emotions – including anger, sadness, frustration, and grief.  Just like Jesus, mature Christians are people of wide-ranging and passionate emotions. Just like David, they bring their anger, rage, sadness, and confusion to God and ask Him the hard questions.

This is why we have to be very careful with passages like “Be anxious for nothing,” and “do not let the sun go down on your anger.”  Modern Christians have a strong tendency towards simplicism – we often pull isolated passages from Scripture and derive universal principles from them.  And it’s creating false impressions of what a mature Christian is supposed to look like.

With that in mind, the key question here is whether your feelings about your value are grounded in the reality that your value has nothing to do with you or others.  A person who is grounded in the reality that they have extraordinary worth because of their Creator is generally in tune with, aware of, and free to express their emotions.

They have a beautifully wide range of emotions. They express joy and grief, laughter, and sadness. Though their emotions aren’t triggered by what other people think of them.  They aren’t fearful or anxious when people speak ill of them, and they are grateful but not overjoyed when people speak well of them.

They have a deep sense of empathy and sympathy for others and are quick to enter into compassionate, meaningful relationships.  They celebrate with passion, but they also mourn with those who mourn.  They are free to be emotional because their heart rests in their intrinsic value.

People who try to find their value in themselves or others generally have difficulty because their emotions are deeply impacted by what others think of them. This breeds all sorts of challenges, including anxiety. Or they shut down their feelings to protect themselves and their hearts. They go numb.  That never ends well because our emotions are designed to flow.  Numb people who suppress their emotions often develop other issues, such as health problems or relational challenges.

So, let’s take a moment and consider our feelings. Does your heart embrace that your value is only found in our King?  Or are your emotions wrongly triggered by others because you’re searching for value in the created instead of the Creator?

Relationships and Value

Let’s talk about how our relationships can indicate how much our hearts value ourselves and others.

We typically form relationships with people who are like us.  In some ways, they are mirrors of ourselves.  So, with whom do you spend time?  Do the people you spend time with value you as God values you?  In your circle of family and friends, do they treat you as a work of a divine artist who is beautiful and wonderfully made?  In the way they speak to you, behave around you, and relate to you, do they reinforce Ideas of Light or Ideas of Darkness related to human value?

How do you relate to them?  Do you treat your spouse, your children, your friends, your co-workers as wonderfully unique, amazingly valuable, eternal beings?  Or are we applying Valuation Factors from the Kingdom of Darkness to them, and we aren’t even conscious of it?

Do we treat wealthy people differently from people with less money?  Do we intentionally try to form relationships with people in power, but ignore people with no power?

Are we reclusive? Are we fairly disinterested in building new relationships?  What does that tell us about how we value ourselves and others?

It’s pretty easy to determine our ideas of value in our hearts by just exploring who we build relationships with and why.

Using the Indicators to Uncover our Hearts

Ok so how did you do?  As you look at these indicators, do you have a sense of what your heart embraces?  Do you talk to yourself as a unique priceless work of art?  Are your emotions grounded in that fact you have intrinsic value, or are they grounded in what others think about you?  What do your relationships tell you about how you value yourselves and others?

Truth is ,we all fall short on embracing this Idea of Light.  We all apply filters of darkness on other human beings,s including ourselves.  We all forget that there is no such thing as a mundane person.

If we have discovered that we have some ideas of darkness in our hearts, what can we do? How do our hearts bend more towards the Kingdom of Light?  We become more like Jesus by experiencing Jesus.  And the best way to do that is to immerse ourselves in a community of people who share the same goal. A community that embraces the five key elements of formation:  time, habit, intimacy, community, and instruction.

Hey, you are a wonderful, unique, extraordinary work of a divine artist who handcrafted you to become more and more like His Son.  And I’m glad you listened today.

Thanks for listening!  If you’d like to sign up for our email list or donate to Soil and Roots, check us out at soilandroots.org.  And feel free to email us with questions or comments at fish@soilandroots.org.  We’ll see you next time.

[1] https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/value-intrinsic-extrinsic/#:~:text=The%20intrinsic%20value%20of%20something,a%20variety%20of%20moral%20judgments.

^[2] Willard, D. (2002). Renovation of the Heart: Putting on the Character of Christ (p. 46). NavPress.

^[3] Willard, D. (2002). Renovation of the Heart: Putting on the Character of Christ (p. 46). NavPress.